What happened in 1860

27 events　World 2, Japan 1, North America 4, Europe 14, USSR / Russia 1, Asia 1, Latin America 2, Africa 1, Oceania 1

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Highlights of 1860

World2

  • May 6Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto.
  • Oct 18The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.

Japan1

  • Mar 24Sakuradamon Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle, disaffected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.

North America4

  • Feb 26The Wiyot Massacre takes place at Tuluwat Island, Humboldt Bay in northern California.
  • Apr 3In the U.S., the Pony Express begins its first run from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California, with riders carrying a small Bible.
  • Nov 61860 United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office, defeating John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.
  • Dec 20American Civil War: South Carolina, led by Governor Francis Pickens, becomes the first state to secede from the United States.

Europe14

  • Jan 2The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.
  • Mar 22The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.
  • May 15Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.
  • Jul 20Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control..]]
  • Sep 3The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden.
  • Sep 18Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.
  • Oct 1Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
  • Oct 5Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.
  • Oct 6Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India.
  • Oct 26Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
  • Dec 1Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of Great Expectations in his magazine All the Year Round.
  • Dec 7After a fiercely contested campaign, Monier Monier-Williams is elected as the new Boden Professor of Sanskrit, at Oxford University.
  • Dec 29The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) HMS Warrior, is launched.
  • TAG Heuer watchmaker founded in Bern Canton, Switzerland.

USSR / Russia1

  • Jun 12(May 31 O.S.) – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.

Asia1

  • MarAugust – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.

Latin America2

  • May 8In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts.
  • Sep 24Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.

Africa1

  • Jan 13Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.

Oceania1

  • Mar 17The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.