What happened in the 4th millennium BC

World19

• c. 3750 BCDisintegration of the Proto-Semitic language
• 3500 BCThe Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture on the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This culture is believed to have been the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and thus the Urheimat, or point of origin, of the Proto Indo-European language, according to the Kurgan hypothesis.
• 3500 BCAfanasevo: Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan—late copper and early Bronze Age.
• The Maykop culture, a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Western Caucasus region of Southern Russia, began around 3700 BC.
• c. 3500 BCHorses are domesticated in the western Eurasian Steppes in what is now northern Kazakhstan (see the Botai culture).
• Boian culture
• Ginger (mummy)
• c. 3500 beginning of Wartberg culture (present-day Germany)
• Kish tablet
• Long distanced trade with polities in modern-day Afghanistan.
• Clay pots and vats discovered at a sprawling cave system in southern Armenia near the border with Iran shows signs of an organized effort to press and distill grapes
• Sails used in the Nile.
• c. 3300 BC Cattle introduced to the Nile valley.
• Mediterraenian
• 3300 BCEvidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians in the prehistoric period; Proto-Dacian or proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the Early Bronze Age.

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Europe22

• c. 4000 BCFirst Neolithic settlers in the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, migrating probably from Minoan Crete.
• 3600 BCConstruction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.)
• Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization.
• c. 3138 BC Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marsh in Slovenia. Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered.
• Malta temples are the earliest of the Megalithic Temples of Malta]]
• Northern and western Europe in Eastern Jutland, is an example of Funnelbeaker culture circa 3200 BC]]
• Baden culture
• Knap of Howar
• Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the world's first known engineered roadway.
• The Sweet Track, an ancient causeway also in the Somerset Levels, the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe, is built in 3807 BC or 3806 BC; tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) enabled very precise dating.
• Arzachena and Ozieri cultures.
• Bronocice pot
• Garth tsunami in the Northern Isles.
• Pfyn culture, in present-day Switzerland, died out c. 3500 BC.
• c. 3200 BCCycladic culture in Aegean islands of Greece.

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USSR / Russia2

• c. 3700 to 3000 BC – The Maykop culture of the Caucasus, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of Bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
• Kurgan culture of what is now Southern Russia and Ukraine; possibly the first domestication of the horse.

Asia4

• 4000 BCThe Dene-Yeniseian languages split into Na-Dene in North America and Yeniseian languages in Siberia. The connection is commonly thought to have been the result of a back-migration of early American Indians in Beringia back into Siberia, forming the Yeniseian peoples that were once widespread throughout Eurasia.
• c. 3700 BCLothal: Indus Valley trade-port city in India.
• Possible reigns of Lugalbanda and Enmerkar prior to 3250 BC.
• 3300 BCBronze Age starts in Indus Valley (Harappa).

Middle East37

• 4000 BCSusa is a center of pottery production.
• c. 4000 BCBeaker from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
• 4000 BCNaqada culture on the Nile. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos.
• The cuneiform script proper emerges from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries BC. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century BC, found at Jemdet Nasr.
• c. 3121 BC?: Beginning of the reign of Narmer, first pharaoh to unify Ancient Egypt and founder of the 1st Dynasty. the first Pharaoh of Egypt who unified the country during this century|255x255px]]
• Temple at Al-Ubaid and tomb of Mes-Kalam-Dug built near Ur, Chaldea.
• Lyres and double clarinets (arghul, mijwiz) played in Egypt.
• c. 3100 BC?: Beginning of the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt, Horus was the main god worshiped in Upper Egypt, Neith was the main god worshiped in Lower Egypt.
• First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia.
• In the early part of Naqada III in Upper Egypt, the ruler, Horus-A, is crowned as ruler or king of Thinis (c. 3315 BC)
• Kura-Araxes culture expands Southwards towards Sumer.
• Proto-Elamite from 3200 BC.
• 3400 BCKura-Araxes: earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain.
• 3100 BCEarly Dynastic Period (Egypt)
• c. 3090 BCNarmer (Menes) unifies Upper and Lower Egypt into one country; he rules this new country from Memphis.

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Latin America2

• c. 3700 BCCaral-Supe flourished between the fourth and second millennia BC, with the formation of the first city generally dated to around 3500 BC, at Huaricanga, in the Fortaleza area. It is from 3100 BC onward that large-scale human settlement and communal construction become clearly apparent, which lasted until a period of decline around 1800 BC.
• Norte Chico civilization in Northern Peru starts.

Africa1

• Predynastic pharaohs Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro, Serket, Narmer.