What happened in the 9th century

World20

• AD 805Tang dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
• AD 820Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī writes his treatise on Algebra The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.
• AD 824Han Yu dies.
• AD 830The House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute established in Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to the Muslim world. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, a book of algebra, is also written there by Al-Khwarizmi.
• AD 835Zacharias III of Makuria sent his 20-year old son Georgios I to Baghdad as an envoy to negotiate The treaty of baqt and was successful in convincing caliph al-Mu'tasim to reduce the baqt payment of slaves to 200 instead of 400 and to once every three years in exchange to reducing the abbasids payment of textiles and jewellery and wheat and many more to 10 caravans instead of 15.
• AD 839Vlastimir defeats Presian.
• AD 842Samaale becomes chief of the Hashiyah clan and launches the conquest of Somalia. This paves the way for Hashiyic colonisation of the Peninsular, displacing the native Cushitic peoples of Somalia
• AD 846Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned. He was considered the last capable emperor of the Tang dynasty.
• Algebra by Al-Khwarizmi
• The Medieval Warm Period begins.
• Oseberg ship burial.
• AD 851The Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned.
• Beowulf might have been written down in this century; alternatively, it could also have been in the 8th century.
• Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
• AD 859Muslims establish the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco.

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Japan3

• Late 9th century: Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made. Heian period.
• AD 869An earthquake and tsunami struck Japan's Sanriku coast, killing 1,000 people.
• AD 894Japan stops sending envoys to Tang ChinaJapan ended the missions to Tang China, sent since 630, on the advice of Sugawara no Michizane. The Tang dynasty fell soon after, in 907.

Europe30

• AD 811Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with the death of Nicephorus I.
• AD 813Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia.
• AD 814Charlemagne dies in the city of Aachen.
• AD 815A 30-year peace agreement is signed between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
• AD 825Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Mercia and establishes the kingdom of Wessex as the supreme Kingdom in England.
• AD 840Death of Louis the Pious.
• AD 843The Carolingian Empire is at its height in territory and area. The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun and split the Carolingian Empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I.
• AD 844The first Viking raid in Iberia. raids and division of the Frankish Empire at the Treaty of Verdun in 843]]
• AD 848The west bank of the Tiber is annexed into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City as a defensive response to the Saracen desecration of Rome in 846.
• Harald Fairhair was victorious at the Battle of Hafrsfjord, and Norway was unified into one kingdom.
• Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
• AD 862The beginning of the Rurik dynasty in Rus'.
• AD 878Battle of Ethandun results in the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danish warlord Guthrum.
• AD 885Abbo Cernuus becomes witness to the Siege of Paris by Vikings.
• AD 888The Carolingian Empire declines and falls after the death of Charles the Fat.

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Asia17

• AD 802Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and establishes the Angkorian dynasty.
• AD 803Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
• AD 825Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.
• AD 835Sweet Dew Incident occurs. Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
• AD 845Buddhism is persecuted and banned in China.
• Two syllabaries or kana are developed from simplified Chinese characters in Japan.
• First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868.
• Quadratic equations: Indian mathematician Śrīdharācārya derived the quadratic formula used for solving quadratic equations.
• Late 9th century: Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
• Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists.
• Chess reaches Japan.
• AD 856Prambanan is completed. According to the Shivagrha inscription, Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
• AD 863The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
• AD 875Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang dynasty in China.
• AD 900The oldest text discovered in the Philippines—an acquittance document in Old Javanese—is inscribed on a copperplate in Luzon. The acquittance took place on 21 April 900 and involved several aristocrats and high-ranking officials from kingdoms within the islands of Luzon, Mindanao, and Java. The document is currently called the Laguna copperplate inscription.

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Middle East6

• c. AD 813Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
• Page from Koran (Surah II:286 and title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made. Now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
• AD 861Assassination of Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) and decline of the Abbasid Caliphate.'s reign in the mid-9th century]]
• AD 868Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty, first Egyptian independent state since the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
• AD 869Zanj Rebellion against the Abbasids
• AD 885Egyptian Tulunid army defeats the Abbasid army in the Battle of Tawahin, Egypt maintains autonomy.

Latin America1

• An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.

Africa5

• AD 827Aghlabids established emirate (province) in Sicily and subsequently raids Southern Italy.
• AD 830The Ghana (Wagadu) Empire is established.
• The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
• Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
• The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. (Early history of Sudan).