What happened in 1849

World6

• Jan 13Second Anglo-Sikh War – Battle of Tooele: British forces retreat from the Sikhs.
• Jan 13The Colony of Vancouver Island is established.
• Feb 8A Constitutional Assembly is convened in Rome: the short-lived Roman Republic is proclaimed after midnight (i.e. on 9 February)
• Apr 2The German revolutions of 1848–49 end in failure, as King Frederick William IV of Prussia refuses to accept the offer of the Frankfurt National Assembly, to be crowned as German emperor.
• Jul 3French troops occupy Rome; the Roman Republic surrenders.
• Jul 14Hungarian troops, led by Richard Guyon, defeat the Croatian-Austrian army led by Josip Jelačić in the Battle of Kishegyes, securing southern Hungary for the revolutionary government.

North America7

• Feb 14In New York City, James K. Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.
• Mar 3The United States Department of the Interior is established, incorporating the Census Office, United States General Land Office, Office of Indian Affairs and Patent and Trademark Office.
• Mar 3Minnesota becomes a United States territory.
• Mar 3The United States Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of two additional denominations of gold coins, the gold dollar and the double eagle.
• May 10The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan, over a dispute between two Shakespearean actors; over 20 people are killed when troops fire on the rioters.
• NovAustin College receives a charter in Huntsville, Texas.
• Global healthcare and pharmaceutical company Pfizer founded in New York, United States.

Europe53

• Jan 5Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in the Hungarian capitals, Buda and Pest. The Hungarian government and parliament flee to Debrecen.
• Jan 8Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Romanian armed groups massacre 600 unarmed Hungarian civilians, at Nagyenyed.
• Jan 21Hungarian Revolution of 1848: at Nagyszeben (now Sibiu in Romania)– The Hungarian army in Transylvania, led by Josef Bem, is defeated by the Austrians, led by Anton Puchner.
• Feb 4Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Vízakna – The Austrian army, led by Anton Puchner, defeats the Hungarians, led by general Josef Bem.
• Feb 5Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by Richard Guyon, breaks through the pass of Branyiszkó, defeating the Austrian defenders.
• Feb 9Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Piski – Josef Bem's Hungarian army defeats Anton Puchner.
• Feb 27Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Battle of Kápolna – The Austrians defeat the Hungarians.
• Mar 4Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Habsburg emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria promulgates at Olomouc the March Constitution of Austria, which abolishes the April Laws promulgated by the Hungarian Batthyány-govern, and degrades Hungary to a simple Austrian province.
• Mar 5Hungarian Revolution of 1848: Second Battle of Szolnok – The Hungarians led by János Damjanich and Károly Vécsey defeat the Austrians.
• Mar 11Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian army of Transylvania, under general Josef Bem, defeats the Russian-Austrian army at Second Battle of Nagyszeben, capturing the city which is the headquarters of Austrian general Anton Puchner. Most of Transylvania is liberated from the Austrian rule. The Austrian and the Russian troops flee to Wallachia.
• Apr 1Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Hungarian Revolutionary Army, under the leadership of Arthur Görgey, starts the victorious Spring Campaign, which leads to the liberation of much of Hungary from the Austrian forces.
• Apr 2Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Hatvan: The Hungarian revolutionary army, under the command of András Gáspár, defeats the Austrians, led by general Franz Schlik.
• Apr 4Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Tápióbicske: Hungarian forces, under the generals György Klapka and János Damjanich, defeat the Austrian-Croatian army, led by Franz Schlik and Josip Jelačić.
• Apr 6Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Isaszeg: The main Hungarian forces, led by Arthur Görgey, defeat the main imperial forces, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, forcing them to retreat westward.
• Apr 10Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Vác: The Hungarians, led by János Damjanich, defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries.

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Asia2

• Feb 21Second Anglo-Sikh War: Battle of Gujrat – Forces of the British East India Company defeat those of the Sikh Empire in Punjab.
• Mar 29The Second Anglo-Sikh War ends, with the United Kingdom annexing the Punjab.