What happened in the 7th century

World14

• AD 610Heraclius arrives by ship from Carthage at Constantinople, overthrows Phocas and becomes Byzantine Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the Byzantine Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).
• AD 627Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman–Persian Wars.
• AD 629The Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the Eastern Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid.
• AD 632The Muslim conquests begin.
• AD 635Alopen, a Persian Christian priest, introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.
• AD 642Arab armies face first Defeat in The First Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians
• The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people (from 257 million in 200 AD)
• The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.
• Earliest attested English poetry.
• Nobatia annexed by its southern neighbor Makuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.
• AD 656The First Fitna occurs.
• AD 677Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
• AD 682Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk
• AD 698The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire.

Japan3

• AD 607Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga, Japan.
• The main compound of Hōryū-ji temple in Nara is built during the Asuka period.
• The religion of Shugendō evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan.

North America1

• AD 700The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.

Europe11

• AD 603Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.
• AD 606Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome.
• AD 610A great number of Slavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans. Later forming tribal confederacies.
• AD 623The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the new ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
• The Bulgars arrive in the Balkans; establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire.
• The first known Croatian archon, Porga, establishes the Duchy of Croatia.
• Sutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia, England.
• Early 7th century: Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
• AD 680Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal. era painting of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680]]
• AD 681Bulgaria is recognized as an independent country by the Byzantine Empire.
• AD 688Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians.

Asia32

• AD 602The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Lý dynasty.
• AD 618Tang dynasty of China initiated by Li Yuan.
• AD 618The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan.
• AD 629Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks, Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate.
• AD 636The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding, China is built.
• AD 638Emperor Taizong (627–649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an.
• AD 639Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.
• AD 649Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
• Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess.
• The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.
• Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
• AD 663The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang.
• AD 668The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
• AD 683Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuo inscription and Kedukan Bukit inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait.
• AD 698North–South States Period begins in Korea.

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Middle East19

• AD 615The Sasanian Empire under Shah Khosrow II sacks Jerusalem, taking away the relic of the True Cross.
• AD 616Sasanian shah Khosrow II invades Egypt.
• AD 622Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.
• AD 626The Avars, the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople.
• AD 636Around this time the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.
• AD 639Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia.
• AD 641The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.
• AD 650The Arab–Khazar wars begin.
• Islam originates from the Arabian Peninsula; the Quran is documented.
• AD 651Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia.
• AD 652Arab armies defeated again in the Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the baqt possibly the longest treaty in history.
• AD 661Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• AD 674The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.
• AD 680Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.
• AD 683The Second Fitna.

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Latin America3

• AD 615Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of Palenque.
• Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.
• Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City.

Africa1

• Timgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers.